26/10/2010
Fairtrade aims to provide better opportunities of commercial terms for producers in developing countries or less-developed countries to reduce poverty and provide equality in commerce. Moreover, Fairtrade supports producers to develop their skill, quality of products that create more accessibility to the export market and also considers the effect on the environment. In addition it basically depends on purchasers' option in payment to decrease poverty and create sustainable development.
World Fairtrade Organization sets up 10 standards of Fairtrade, such as supporting fair payment and good working condition, long-term commercial contract, forbidding illegal child labour and concerning social, economic, environmental development.
Following the Fairtrade standards, the Fairtrade label, managed by members of the Fairtrade Labelling Organisations International (FLO), is used to guarantee that the products has been applied to Fairtrade principles and meanwhile it therefore generally supplies the information to consumers and assures that they partake in improvement of Fairtrade producers' livelihood. Furthermore, in order to get Fairtrade certification, traders usually have to comply with the following general standard divided into two sets; one for small farmers and the other for hired labour;
1. Payment of minimum price covering the cost of sustainable livelihood and social premium for development project in the society, commerce and the environment.
2. Pre-payment if it is required
3. Offering long-term trading contract
On the other hand, consumers not merchants commonly pay for Fairtrade products more than general goods in the market price. Besides, the goods produced by producers in the developed countries cannot be certified as Fairtrade products.
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In my opinion, Fairtrade is fair, particularly for producers as employers and farmers, such as increasing income and assistance in better working condition. Moreover, the consumers, interested in ethical production, can usually benefit from Fairtrade organic agricultural products that are more healthy, such as Teadirect's Earl Grey Tea and Steenbergs Organic Black Peppercorn in the UK and participate in supporting poor producers to obtain better life. If there is not Fairtrade, the big companies or organisations are likely to have more powerful negotiation and not recognise labour's rights in the less-developed countries. For example, They hire labour with low wage and bad working condition, such as risk of the pesticide.
Find more detail here : Fairtrade and development, World Fairtrade Organization, The Fairtrade Federation, Fairtrade Foundation and Taking child labour in the cocoa industry
Tuesday 26 October 2010
Sunday 24 October 2010
Collision between the Greek tanker and the Cyrus container ship plus the institute cargo clauses
24/10/2010
The Greek tanker, transporting kerosene, cashed into the Cyrus container ship off the Netherlands coast on 12 October 2010. As a result, there was a kerosene leak into the sea, however it was swiftly stopped and everybody was uninjured in this accident.
After reading it, it raised a question about maritime insurance. If i were a merchant, how I could be guaranteed and achieve an indemnity from damages or loss of goods. I tried finding out the information from the internet, then recognised that marine cargo insurance is definitely essential for most international trade, but firstly I will talk about generally 3 institute cargo clauses as follow as;
1. The Institute Cargo Clause 'A' will cover all risks that are caused by any fortuitous, unforeseen and unintended event, except some specific clauses such as wrong packing and unseaworthiness of ship. Moreover, general average, salvage charges, not arise from mentioned exclusion, and compensation for the Assured's liability under "Boths to Blame Collision" Clause are insured as well.
2. The Institute Cargo Clause 'B' will cover damage to or loss of insured property from definitely specified causes. this term is divided into 3 groups of damage or loss insurance; (1) loss or damage from mentioned causes, such as explosion, collision and volcanic eruption. (2) loss or damage is caused by general average sacrifice, making vessel lighter by jettison, washing overboard and the entry of sea lake or river water into vessel craft and so on. (3) total loss of any package lost overboard or drop while unloading or loading. If loss or damage arises from the following mentioned clause, it will not be insured. Meanwhile, this policy will not cover some exclusion, such as strikes or loss or damage caused by the intention of the Assured.
3. The Institute Cargo Clause 'C' will cover risks as following causes. (1) loss of or damage to insured property is created from danger such as fire and explosion or sunk. (2) loss or damage that is caused by jettison and general average sacrifice. Furthermore, this term has the same exclusion with the institute clause 'B'.
Find an in-depth information : BBC NEWS EUROPE and Insurance Law and Practice
P.S. General average : An Ocean Marine coverage meaning a partial loss which has resulted from the voluntary and deliberate sacrifice of some cargo for the benefit of all concerned, and which must be shared by all parties (owners of ship, cargo and freight) in proportion to their interest.
Salvage : 1. Property taken over by an insurance company to reduce its loss; 2. Award recoverable by salvors under maritime law
The Greek tanker, transporting kerosene, cashed into the Cyrus container ship off the Netherlands coast on 12 October 2010. As a result, there was a kerosene leak into the sea, however it was swiftly stopped and everybody was uninjured in this accident.
After reading it, it raised a question about maritime insurance. If i were a merchant, how I could be guaranteed and achieve an indemnity from damages or loss of goods. I tried finding out the information from the internet, then recognised that marine cargo insurance is definitely essential for most international trade, but firstly I will talk about generally 3 institute cargo clauses as follow as;
1. The Institute Cargo Clause 'A' will cover all risks that are caused by any fortuitous, unforeseen and unintended event, except some specific clauses such as wrong packing and unseaworthiness of ship. Moreover, general average, salvage charges, not arise from mentioned exclusion, and compensation for the Assured's liability under "Boths to Blame Collision" Clause are insured as well.
2. The Institute Cargo Clause 'B' will cover damage to or loss of insured property from definitely specified causes. this term is divided into 3 groups of damage or loss insurance; (1) loss or damage from mentioned causes, such as explosion, collision and volcanic eruption. (2) loss or damage is caused by general average sacrifice, making vessel lighter by jettison, washing overboard and the entry of sea lake or river water into vessel craft and so on. (3) total loss of any package lost overboard or drop while unloading or loading. If loss or damage arises from the following mentioned clause, it will not be insured. Meanwhile, this policy will not cover some exclusion, such as strikes or loss or damage caused by the intention of the Assured.
3. The Institute Cargo Clause 'C' will cover risks as following causes. (1) loss of or damage to insured property is created from danger such as fire and explosion or sunk. (2) loss or damage that is caused by jettison and general average sacrifice. Furthermore, this term has the same exclusion with the institute clause 'B'.
Find an in-depth information : BBC NEWS EUROPE and Insurance Law and Practice
P.S. General average : An Ocean Marine coverage meaning a partial loss which has resulted from the voluntary and deliberate sacrifice of some cargo for the benefit of all concerned, and which must be shared by all parties (owners of ship, cargo and freight) in proportion to their interest.
Salvage : 1. Property taken over by an insurance company to reduce its loss; 2. Award recoverable by salvors under maritime law
Thursday 21 October 2010
Wildlife Trade Regulation Needed More Than Ever
21/09/2010
The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), the essential international agreement aiming to protect resources, mentions recently that wildlife is threatened more severely from due to economic activities, this therefore should be controlled to protect species. Moreover, CITES parties will become 176 after this announcement and every year the 850,000 wildlife will be allowed to trade from 10 million lists,
Mr Thomaas Jemmi, Deputy Director General of the Swiss Federal Veterinary Office, the CITES Management Authority of Switzerland claims that Switzerland hopes that the nations will success in decrease of loss of biodiversity.
The CITES concerns about loss of marine and timber species. Furthermore, The CITES uses the annual information of the parties to estimate the situation of wildlife trade per a nation and per species group in this times, such as "the rank of top 10 trading partner" and "top 5 items".
For further information, see Convention on International Trade Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora(CITES) and United Nation Environment Programe
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